![]() reported lack of congruent affective priming for subliminal trials using happy or angry facial expressions. reported the opposite effect on response time (affectively congruent trials were slower than incongruent trials) using pleasant or unpleasant priming images, some of which contained faces, and Andrews et al. reported faster response time to prime-target pairs with congruent emotions. Using prime images with fear or disgust inducing content, as well as fearful or disgusted facial expressions, Neumann et al. Attempts to replicate the congruency effect using affective images as primes have shown less conclusive results. Many subliminal priming experiments have shown that affectively congruent prime-target pairs facilitate either response time or evaluation of the target stimulus, however these studies have all employed affective words as their primes. This is referred to as the congruency effect. Ī major effect of priming is that response times are faster when the prime has the same emotional valence as the target stimulus and slower when it is different. Subliminally presented affective information has also been shown to influence the evaluation of emotionally ambiguous facial expressions. Subliminal affective priming experiments have provided both neural and behavioral evidence that affective stimuli are unconsciously processed. The affective primacy hypothesis proposes that affective information can be accessed automatically and precedes conscious cognition. Major contributions to the evidence that affective information can be processed without awareness come from affective priming experiments. These studies suggest that sematic categorization of a visual stimulus occurs faster than affective evaluation, and that the semantic categorization of a stimulus may be required for affective processing to occur. While most studies indicate that emotional facial expressions can induce neurophysiological changes and influence behavior without being consciously perceived, there is accumulating evidence that affective processing does not occur outside of awareness and that any unconscious reaction is dependent on prior semantic processing. ![]() #Subliminal images skin#also demonstrated that, under conditions that prevent conscious awareness, facial expressions elicit skin conductance responses. reported on a blind sight patient who could discriminate among facial expressions presented in his blind field. Functional neuroimaging studies have indicated that non-consciously perceived emotional facial expressions can activate subcortical structures. There is substantial evidence that the emotion of facial expressions can even be processed in absence of conscious awareness. Within a fraction of a second, humans can recognize emotion, sex, relative age, race, and identity, just by viewing a face. Facial expressions are indicators of underlying emotional states, and recognition of the emotion in facial expressions is critical to interpersonal communication, response to imminent threat, and social behavior. Nearly one hundred years later, Paul Ekman defined six universal facial expressions that are recognized and expressed cross-culturally―happy, sad, fear, disgust, surprise, and anger. ![]() In 1872, Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are evolved behaviors that have a biologically adaptive function. The results suggest a significant impact of the visual features of the priming image on conscious perception of face expression. In addition, participants’ performance was worse when a priming image contained an egocentric face compared to when it contained either an allocentric face or an egocentric non-face. In contrast, faster RTs were observed when angry target faces were preceded by face compared to non-face primes. Response time to the neutral target face was significantly slower when preceded by face primes, compared to non-face primes ( p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected). ![]() Participants responded to the emotion portrayed in a pixelated target-face by indicating via key-press if the expression was angry or neutral. The priming images were broadly categorized as aggressive, pleasant, or neutral and further subcategorized by the presence of a face and by the centricity (egocentric or allocentric vantage-point) of the image content. We investigated, in young healthy participants, how the affective content of subliminally presented priming images and their specific visual attributes impacted conscious perception of facial expressions. ![]()
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